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TAALAM
BY LEELA VENKATARAMAN

e-mail: leelakaverivenkat@gmail.com

Monsoon showers along with a program deluge


August 29, 2026

PARAMPARA FESTIVAL
Following a fairly barren two months, came a deluge of programmes in the capital starting with the annual Parampara Festival of the Reddys – which this year, considering the vagaries of sudden monsoon showers, was held at the Kamani auditorium, instead of the usual haunt of their own open-air theatre in their Saket home.

An aesthetically assembled video with visual images, with compere Sadhana Srivastava’s (longtime compere for Reddy programmes) voice-over, was a wise way of settling the restless audience - providing informative introduction to Natya Tarangini, and the work contributed by the Reddy family with the trio of Raja, Radha and Kaushalya contributing hours of diligent teaching, apart from efficiently administering the institution.

Barring the opening day, when, contrary to the Reddy attention for detail, dignitaries called onto the stage for the lamp lighting stood waiting, before the tall empty lamp (sans oil or wicks!) was ready for lighting, the reputation of Natya Tarangini for immaculate planning, was perceivable right through the three- day event.

Natya Tarangini ensemble
Natya Tarangini ensemble

The performance by the students of Natya Tarangini, with Kaushalya conducting the programme with her nattuvangam, commenced with a traditional prayer to Lord Ganesha through the famous hymn Vakratunda Mahakaya Suryakoti Samaprabha, Nirvighnam Kurume Deva Sarvakaryeshu Sarvada. The devotee addressing the large-bodied, elephant-headed deity, whose radiance equals that of a million suns, seeks this Vighna Ishwara’s (remover of obstacles) blessings, for a performance without hurdles. The invocation was followed by Muddu Krishna, with his peacock feather in the hair, presenting his triumphant dance Kaliyamardana on the hood of serpent Kaliya.

Natya Tarangini ensemble
Natya Tarangini ensemble

What is visualized as a physical feat by young Krishna, is a metaphor for the conquest of evil with a victory of divine righteousness. The serpent symbolizes the polluted mind with the ego, which leads to a mind full of negativity. The poisoned river Jamuna with the venom of Kaliya, is likened to vicious desires polluting man’s mind, and the victory of divine righteousness signifies the person overcoming these coils of pride. To carry the analogy further, this process of achieving victory can be a long process over many births - which explains a seven-hooded serpent! Against a prominent visual backdrop of water waves and a cherubic Krishna dancing, balanced on one foot on the enormous multi-hooded serpent, was the performing group of immaculately trained young dancers displaying movement clarity with commendable group discipline – obviously the fruit of no-pains-spared teaching. This writer however felt that instead of dancing with backs to the visual with the group formation facing the audience, a V shaped arrangement on both sides leading from center-stage to the extreme two sides would have been more effective - particularly when showing the Nagins asking for forgiveness and pleading with young Krishna that their mate Kaliya be spared. Through ragas Gambhira Nattai and Vachaspati, the competent accompaniment headed by Kaushalya’s nattuvangam had Aadarsh M. Nair’s vocal support, MV Chandrasekhar on the violin, Prakash Koduru on flute and Vasu Shastri on the violin.

Natya Tarangini ensemble
Natya Tarangini ensemble

Set to ragam Shubhapantuvarali followed the homage to Shiva, the Lord of Dance, comprising many aspects. Shiva who encompasses in his divinity the powers of creation, preservation and dissolution, as Ardhanareeswar combines the masculine and feminine energies in a complement of contrasts. To the great ancient sage Panini was revealed the Ashtadhyaya of the Maheswara Sutras, comprising the fourteen foundational sounds emerging from Shiva’s drum. Perini Tandav, the dance of Shiva which was popular during the Kakatiya period in Andhra region, was performed by warriors and the dance has been revived by Nataraja Ramakrishna. Knitted into the fabric of the entire Shiva adoration blending with energetic dance, was the Navarasa depiction with nine emotional states-of-being (reminding one of Raja Reddy’s signatory Adenamma which he performed with such zeal) to conclude with Tarangam or dancing with feet planted on the rim of the brass plate.

Maitreyee Pahari’s ensemble
Maitreyee Pahari’s ensemble

The Kathak performance on the second day was by Lokchhanda Cultural Unit, an organization of Maitreyee Pahari, who with her background as gold medalist in Manipuri and a long time Kathak trainee under late Pandit Birju Maharaj and Saswati, has been in demand for her aesthetic planning in putting together programmes which are a blend of the classical, with folk, martial arts, music and Sufi poetry and what have you. Her dancers in what was a pure Kathak oriented programme this time, knit Kathak aspects presented as individual items, into a thematic presentation Anuragini, visualizing an internalized journey from awakening of love to the ultimate state of fulfillment and wholeness – linking the stylistic element comprising pure technique, with the interpretative wedded to achieving a state of being. The start embodying the grace, beauty and divinity of Gauri, was a salutation to eternal feminine energy as creator and nurturer, with the beauty of devotion and spirit of surrender. The dance was based on a hymn in the Dhrupad form - Gauri Aradhang Nachat Sangeet Shankar Tripurari.  Right through, what contributed to the rounded artistry of the performance, apart from the focused, neatly turned out dancers, was the very well-balanced musical support - not always a feature of Kathak recitals. With vocal support provided by Jayavardhana Dhadheech and Dr.Aditi Sharma, and Gulam Waris on sarangi, Dheeraj Kumar Pande on flute, and Kishan Kathak on sitar, what one found most heartening was the padhant (when needed) by Gauri Sharma, radiating a clarity with the right intonation. Also, a very heartening fact for this writer, was experiencing how much Yogesh Gangani’s tabla support has evolved - the mood involved mellow softness with which he plays now, a vast change from the original pounding he subjected the instrument to, and on the pakhawaj was Mahavir Gangani.

Maitreyee Pahari’s ensemble
Maitreyee Pahari’s ensemble

Gauri was followed by Saanjh- the Whisper of the Heart. As the day progresses, with the onset of twilight, a more silent nature results in stirring tender emotions lying dormant within the heart. Love’s moods of waiting, of longing and of devotion, of joys of togetherness and the ache of separations begin to make themselves felt. Through ups and downs finally the journey is towards inner fulfillment. Then follows the Tarana in a contrast of emotion to rhythmic virtuosity.  What better to capture the sringar involvement than Radha’s yearning for Krishna which is expressed through the Thumri rendered by singer Dr. Aditi Sharma, Jhoolan Jhoole Bagiyan and Aise naval ladli Radha.  The final prayer symbolizing the merging of the self with universal consciousness has the Bhajan Mai tiharo dhyaangyan mohe deje e Kali. In what was an ensemble presentation, the well-knit team of dancers comprised Shailaja Nalwade, Anasua Majumdar, Shilpa Verma, Meera Rawat, Sonali Vishwakarma and Nidhi Bhardwaj.

Pavitra Bhat and Aparna Shastry
Pavitra Bhat and Aparna Shastry

The concluding Parampara evening’s Bharatanatyam programme by Pavitra Bhat received a standing ovation. Trained under Deepak Majumdar in Bombay, and with vast experience as the hero of dance drama productions presented by several other famous dance teachers of Chennai, Pavitra Bhat now runs his own institution Kalanjali apart from Pavitra Art Visual Institute. Along with his troupe of four students, the very traditional start with the Melaprapti and prayer to Ganesh, Vighna rajam Bhaje in ragam Gambhira Nattai set to khanda chapu talam, came the Alarippu, a well profiled rendition with a takatakita Khanda nadai, ringing in a vivacious tone to the start of the performance. This was followed by the Ardhanariswar Stotram, Champeya Gauranga set to a Ragamalika in adi talam, symbolizing a united and harmonized Shiva/Shakti - the male and female half (standing one behind the other with Shiva’s half hidden by Parvati’s body in front, featuring the couple Pavitra and Aparna Shastry, showing superb spatial understanding, without which the item loses its centrality. 

Pavitra Bhat and ensemble
Pavitra Bhat and ensemble

The centrepiece, a varnam in Mohanam, Bansi valene man moha, was rendered in a highly communicative solo form by Pavitra. Even as damsels filling pitchers with water forget the work at hand to follow the tones of Krishna’s magical flute, and the entire animal world sways to its bewitching spell, Nature with birds and blooming flowers too, magnetlike, gets drawn to the music – and the captive nature of Krishna’s flute was well brought out by the dancer’s flair for abhinaya. The Varnam composer being from Kerala, the  charanam after the Pallavi and Anupallavi, very understandably, took the form of a homage to Padmanabha Prabhu Deena Bandhu, concluding with a prayer to the Dashavatar manifestations of Lord Vishnu. The accompanists were from Mumbai and Delhi. With sahitya lines embellished with taanam punctuations, rendered by fine vocalist Vidya Harikrishna from Mumbai, and with Delhi’s Sridhar Vasudevan for nattuvangam with Sreedhar Raju on violin, mridangam percussion was provided by Mumbai’s Satish Krishnamurthy. The recital concluded with a group rendition of the Tillana in Sumanesha Ranjani ragam set to adi talam. Altogether, a very vibrant note on which to end the dance part of the festival.

While this is a column on dance, I touch on the musical half of each evening, which apart from keeping pace with the dance, represented the idea of Parampara in all respects - with the first evening’s Bach to Bhopali, featuring the musical family of Pandit Shubendra Rao on sitar with wife Saskia Rao de Haas on violin cello and their son Ishan Leonard Rao on the piano, in what turned out to be a most sensitive East/West Triveni of instruments from east and west playing music from India – and here again with a sitar the two ragas Hemavati and Simhendramadhyamam belonged to the pantheon of Carnatic ragas! Ishan’s touches on the piano along with his solo rendition of Asturius, a famous piano composition by Spanish composer Isaac Albeniz (19th-20th century) showed the fine touch flowing from inherited musical talent.

On the second evening was the sur-filled vocal concert of Madhup Mudgal along with daughter/student Sawani Mudgal, rendering Puryadhanashri and Malkauns followed by a Tillana, with Arvind D. Thatte on the harmonium with Vivek Bhola and Kushal Sharma on tanpura. What better than the Benares gharana Khayal singing lineage (now in its sixth generation) of Sajan Misra, joined by his son and disciple Swaransh Misra, rendering Gaud Malhar and Megh on a monsoon day – with the ecstatic audience encore for continuing, after the conclusion.

SARE JAHAN SE ACHCHA
Odissi exponent Ranjana Gauhar’s annual festival Sare Jahan se Achcha, began in the customary way established so far with the first evening being devoted to a presentation by the host institution Utsav. This year’s presentation Chitrangada based on Tagore’s play, with concept, script and direction by Ranjana and music direction by Saroj Mohanty, had Sandeep Dutta’s technical direction, for what has become the institution’s most prolifically staged nritta natika presentation. Based on what constitutes ideal womanhood, away from the outward fripperies like beauty, modesty et al that the male and society associate woman with, Chitrangada is perhaps one of Tagore’s most prolifically staged works staged in all dance forms, with its emphatic woman’s lib message.

Chitrangada by Ranjana Gauhar’s ensemble
Chitrangada by Ranjana Gauhar’s ensemble

In what was announced as the 112th show of Utsav’s Chitrangada, since it was produced (an enviable achievement by any standards!), the chief dancers of the institution Vrinda Chadha as Chitrangada and Kevin Bachhan as Arjun were the lead pair, with Ankita Bakshi as the transformed Chitrangada, and Tusha Arya as Madana – all of who fulfilled their respective roles with conviction. As garbed and made up (for movements encompassing male dominated martial endeavour), Vrinda was made to look such an alluring Chitrangada, that one wondered if Arjun had to have his senses examined on why he was not attracted by her! In a dance drama, unlike classical dance presented with the dancer as an impersonal performer conveying the message of what he or she is presenting, the dancer takes on a role and has to look the part. One felt that Vrinda could have been turned out to look a little plainer – contrasting with the other Chitrangada, who also, as a finished dancer, did full justice to her role. Chitrangada proudly asserting Ami Chigrangada,-- Rajendranandini, nohi debi nohi shamanya nari (I am no ordinary woman but skilled in martial arts and warfare), the changed tone of melancholy in unrequited love’s singleness for Chitrangada in the midst of the bounty of Spring, Rodhan bhare E Boshonto, being drawn to Arjun who has declared himself a brahmachari, overwhelmed by feelings of love, Bodhu kon alo laglo choke are songs one has heard often. Very expressive, Vrinda as a proficient dancer, filled the role competently.  The group scenes were fair, though the taller dancers need to work on a better articulated chauka centrality, without which the torso bends with tribhang lose their sharp silhouette. Arjun realizing that Madana’s transformed Chitrangada he was infatuated with was not the real person, and that there is more to a woman than physical charm, accepts Chitrangada for what she is. For this critic, the dancer who has evolved in both line and profile of movements, blending grace with interpretative intensity, is Kevin. The music tape, generally tuneful, for some reason had the singer hitting flat notes in a couple of places. Bankim Chandra’s Vande Mataram with the original composition reset with Saroj Mohanty’s music, as performed by Ranjana’s group started the next day’s festival proceedings.

Stunning Odissi duet by Rajashri Praharaj and Preetisha Mohapatra

As Director of Srjan and Dean of Faculty of Arts, Communication and Indic Studies of Sri Sri University, Cuttack, Ratikant Mohapatra, son and disciple of late Kelucharan Mohapatra has, over time, evolved into one of the most successful Odissi gurus. Well versed in percussion on the mardal, dancers trained under him are among the very proficient in Odissi today – benefitting from not just the dance instruction but from the allied subjects in the University, shaping body, mind and psychology of the dancer. 

Preetisha Mohapatra and Rajashri Praharaj
Preetisha Mohapatra and Rajashri Praharaj

Two of his leading disciples, Rajashri Praharaj and daughter Preetisha Mohapatra on the second evening of Sare Jahan Se Achcha presented a duet, the disciplined professionalism of which, left the audience amazed. Right from the start with Shantakaram Bhujaga shayanam prayer to Lord Vishnu, followed by the Ardhanareeswaram hymn Champeya Gauranga with music composed by Raghunath Panigrahi in a ragamalika set to talamalika, it was an impeccable, mesmerizing performance.  The homage to a single Saivite divinity, comprising seemingly irreconcilable male and female identities, given the immaculate technique of a beautifully defined mandala posture, with grace abounding torso silhouettes - topped by deep-seated involvement, created dance evocative of the magic and ultimate tranquility of the cosmic order, amidst its plurality of forces. With Rajashri at the back and Preetisha in front covering one half of her, with the other half visible, maintaining exactitude in levels and placing – the two dancers moved as one body almost belying reality. And the ecstatic involvement of the twosome made this one of the finest Odissi expressions!

The aesthetic music on tape with Ratikant Mohapatra’s mardal lead, had singer Dr Bijay Kumar Jena, Ramesh Chandra Das on violin, Nityananda Mohapatra on flute, Ravishankar Pradhan on sitar, Saroj Kumar Rath on Vibrophone, with synopsis of items announced in the voice of Aditya Mohapatra and last but not least, Debiprasad Misra doing the sensitive lighting.

Navarasa in Bharatanatyam by Shankarananda Kalakshetra
Ananda Shankar Jayant and group
Ananda Shankar Jayant and group

Amongst all the high profile, senior artists presented in Sare Jahan se Achcha, was dancer Ananda Shankar Jayant, whose institution in Hyderabad Shankarananda Kalakshetra, presented Navarasa built round the nine moods of Sringar, Krodha, Bhayam, Arbutam, Bhibhatsa, Veeram, Karunyam, Hasyam and Shantam. Instead of pinning each of these states-of-being, to an event from scripture, history et al, as is the general mode, with the chosen episode helping mood build up, here the episodic treatment was completely done away with. Ananda’s treatment demanded instant danced attitudes of mind and body, evocative of the particular mood. And here in the absence of any sahitya, the accompanying raga music of Prema Ramamurthy was the catalyst, and given the meticulously trained dancers of the institution, the presentation, with Ananda dancing as one of the group, lacked for nothing.

Rajendra Gangani and disciples
Rajendra Gangani and disciples

Kathak by Rajendra Gangani and students, which took on a spirit of desh bhakti in keeping with the Sare Jahan Se Achcha festival title, began with homage to Nature and the weather all round, Pawan Mand Sugandh, with emotions in full play. And the presiding deity over all these nine moods or Rasas is Rasraj Krishna, celebrated through the lyric Nachat banke tu Krishna, with singer Samiullah Khan’s rendition in raag Misra Kaushik Dhwani. From adoration of Nature and the almighty follows love for the land you live in. This tribute to India, Gao desh rang, Sab mil gao, Desh hamara, Sabse pyara, sings the praises of the mountains and rivers of the country - the Himalayas, not just as a bulwark shielding us from dangers, but as a sentinel of peace, keeping us connected to our roots. When movement celebrates our innermost thoughts, with music and rhythm becomes our heartbeat, it is Anand Utsav, which was signified with Guru Rajendra Gangani joining in with a spate of footwork in the drut laya. Known for his straight forward approach to Kathak of Jaipur vintage, it was a welcome experience to find Rajendra Gangani bringing all facets of Kathak into quick flashes of dance, with a performance designed for the event.
    
UNUSUAL KUCHIPUDI/KATHAK PERFORMANCE
Performing for a Delhi audience for the first time, Ritusri Chowdhuri and Amrita Singh settled in Kolkata, provided an evening of Kathak and Kuchipudi respectively, at the Stein auditorium. A senior disciple of late Shobha Naidu,  Amrita studied under Padma Subrahmanyam too for a while. She began the Kuchipudi recital with Pranamam yaham Sri Gauri sutam homage to Ganesh. With movements replete with supreme grace her dance stylistically, was very reminiscent of Guru Shobha Naidu’s Kuchipudi. Episodes from the life of Ganesh, along with his weakness for the sweet modakam were all brought out juxtaposed by winsomely rendered jatis.

Amrita Singh
Amrita Singh

The rest of the programme largely featured her students. Starting with raga Malkauns (Hindolam) and Devgandhari, dancing to the song Kolavai Konnade tulavai konnade, was the prayer to Shiva Devadevudu, visualizing iconographic aspects of Shiva. The usual ploy of two dancers one seated and one standing visualized the four-armed God in Kunchita Padam standing on the Apasmara purusha, with the half-moon on his head. The Jatis in-between verses were typically Vempati Chinna Satyam in tone - very natural since Shobha Naidu, Amrita’s teacher was the prime student of guru Vempati Chinna Satyam for years. Then came the Meera Bai bhajan, Pada ghunguroo in Ragamalika choreographed by Shobha Naidu. The entire story with Meera forsaking her royal ties and proclaiming openly as belonging to Krishna (Maito apni Narayanaki), dancing in delight with feet shod in ankle bells (Pada Ghunguroo se), followed by her surviving the ‘vishaka pyala’ incident when the Rana tried to poison her, without success - were all depicted. The item left a feel of being overdrawn. The Tarangam footwork with feet planted on the rim of a brass plate was included in the Tillana in raga Desh. The programme ended with a short version of Vande Maataram. With students contributing most of the programme, one could not help feeling that for a maiden performance in Delhi, Amrita should have opted for a solo presentation, instead of her own appearances becoming rather minimal.

Ritusri Chowdhuri
Ritusri Chowdhuri

Ritusri Chowdhuri of Kolkata, for many years a repertory member of Padatik Dance Centre, was trained under Madhumita Roy with advanced training under Pandit Birju Maharaj and Saswati Sen, and works currently as choreographer and Artistic Director of Nrityakshar Foundation. The starting prayer to Shiva in Nagendra Haaraaya trilochanaya hymn rendered by a group of dancers, barring the chakkars for the Harahara Mahadev line, did not make much of an impression. It was when Ritusri performed her solo abhinaya Nazariya lage nahi kahin, describing the nature of the pull of love with the gaze fastened on the loved one, that the best in her was seen.  That magnetic attraction of love is described as that of the Chakor for the moon (Tum chanda mein chakor).

Knit between stanzas was pure dance with Thaat, Mor Gath and teental tukras to the Lehera background – and one was treated to the real classical aspects of Kathak with nritta offers comprising compositions Dha taka Thunga and later Takita Takita ghini ghini ghini...in the drut section. While the abhinaya aspect was done with feeling, one had, fairly or otherwise, a lurking feel of the filmy influence with overdone costumes and makeup, which in classical presentations takes away from the gravitas. One had the same feeling when the students performed nritta of 14 matras - obviously well trained, the white costumes with less frills and flounces would be better.

REGALING TWOSOME FOR IIC’S MONSOON FESTIVAL
Geetanjali Acharya
Geetanjali Acharya

Geetanjali Acharya, a student of Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra, trained in Srjan, the Guru’s Odissi institution, performing at the IIC , given the brief recital, comprising the first half of the first evening, for the two-day Monsoon Festival, showed in her dance the unmistakable stylistic impact of the Guru. Every part of watching the Salabeg composition Ahe nila saila (Nila brought in the mind’s eye, Kelubabu performing the item Neela Achalo or Blue Hill referring to the original home of the God worshipped by the Savaras, later housed in the temple at Puri as Jagannath). Entering the temple with the flag flying high on the pinnacle, the devotee offering his worship to the Lord, sings the Lord’s greatness describing his acts of generosity to his bhaktas - like coming to the rescue of elephant Gajaraja who while drinking water in the river, had had his leg caught in the jaws of a crocodile. He then sings praises of the Lord as saviour coming to the rescue of Draupadi, saving her from the shame of being disrobed by the Kauravas, and finally as Narasimha emerging from the pillar to save Prahlada from his father Hiranyakashipu’s wrath.

Excelling in both nritta and abhinaya, the next item set to raga Desh in Attatali was Vande Mataram – which of late has become a song for dance visualization. What was significantly special was the opening line played on musical instruments for a while with a subdued, very mellow pakhawaj overture by Ratikant Mohapatra, after which the dance expression began. Lines describing homage to the Motherland, Su  madhura bhashineem, with the flora and fauna of India were sensitively captured, the dancer’s adherence to the Odissi technique as taught by Guru Kelucharan keeping pace with the expressional involvement.

Apeksha Kamath
Apeksha Kamath

The Odissi recital was followed by a superb Bharatanatyam presentation by Apeksha Kamath, a student of Indira Kadambi of Bangalore. For the first time after a number of years, one found a dancer stressing the idea of the Monsoon (in the title of the event) as a central theme, while planning the recital. Accompanying musicians not being easily available at this time of the year, with most of them on outside India assignments, Apeksha pinned her dance on music available on YouTube, of celebrated singers like Ranjini and Gayatri and Ajay Chakrabarty - rendering ragas specific to the Monsoons like Amritavarshini  and Mia ki Malhar. The dancer showing in-depth training in both technique and interpretative dance, began with lines from Tiruvalluvar’s Tirukkural (Tamilnadu recognizes 31 CE as the time he lived though it could be between 300 CE and 500 CE), vana ninru ulagam vazhangi varudalaal…….) where rain is described as the nectar of the world for sustaining life. The world with the expanse of seas will still suffer if clouds deceive rain. Existence of this world without water is as inconceivable as water existing without rain. The devotee questions God on why he has brought about man’s agony with all the ill effects of drought. And at last, when the drops from the sky descend, the solfa syllables Dheem tat taani taa-dhirana dhaani in increasing speed signify the thrill of the rain washed land.

The Kannada Varnam in raga Amritavarshini set to adi tala, obviously choreographed by the guru, composed by Dr.Geeta Seetaram was sung by T.V.Ramprasadh. Swami kare taarini nee Venugopala, urges the nayika of the sakhi to fetch Venugopala who lifted Mount Mandara, and who is the Sundaranga Madanahaasa, Madanana murali manohara to her presence. If you explain my condition to him, (Odi baruvane) he would come post haste. He is described as the heart throb of the Brindavan Gopis. In the charanam Bare …karunatore Amritavarshini, the dancer pleads with the sakhi to show some compassion, for she is being bombarded by Manmatha’s arrows. With the firmness of technique on the one hand, and expressional nuances on the other, Apeksha’s Bharatanatyam speaks for itself.  Post-varnam was a Bhajan, Barse Badariya savan ki in raga Miya ki Malhar composed and sung by Sreevalsan J. Menon from his album Monsoon Anuraga. The item comprised verses from the Varsha Ritu chapter of Kalidasa’s Ritusamhara. The nayika as abhisarika is portrayed here, venturing out with the raindrops falling, for meeting the beloved, with scenes from Nature with animals all round. Altogether a well rounded fine performance!

What with Monsoon and the Independence celebrations, it has been a very crowded couple of weeks for dance.



Writing on the dance scene for the last forty years, Leela Venkataraman's incisive comments on performances of all dance forms, participation in dance discussions both in India and abroad, and as a regular contributor to Hindu Friday Review, journals like Sruti and Nartanam, makes her voice respected for its balanced critiquing. She is the author of several books like Indian Classical dance: Tradition in Transition, Classical Dance in India and Indian Classical dance: The Renaissance and Beyond.


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